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Organizations engaged in international operations must navigate complex intercultural dynamics for successful performance, necessitating identification of individuals who are likely to succeed in these environments and training pe...
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Organizations engaged in international operations must navigate complex intercultural dynamics for successful performance, necessitating identification of individuals who are likely to succeed in these environments and training personnel in cross-cultural competence (3C). To do so, adequate competency models of 3C need to be developed and valid 3C assessment instruments must be identified or generated. The present chapter reviews issues and challenges in 3C model development and illustrates these problems in an analysis of the Defense Language Office's Framework for Cross-Cultural Competence. The comparative advantages of competency versus causal models of 3C are discussed and an integration of competency and causal models is suggested. An examination of 34 instruments that have been recommended in the 3C civilian and military literatures for assessing cross-cultural competencies and their antecedent factors showed that existing 3C measures suffer from poor construct validity and have not been empirically linked to important outcome variables. A measurement strategy that eschews self-report methods and broadly assesses KSAOs and behavioral competencies is advocated.
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This article argues that SMT does indeed provide a strong conceptual framework. SMT uses established comparative political theories and methodologies in an integrated, multidimensional framework which takes into account the fluid ...
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This article argues that SMT does indeed provide a strong conceptual framework. SMT uses established comparative political theories and methodologies in an integrated, multidimensional framework which takes into account the fluid and complex dynamics that a movement operates in. SMT draws upon processes and mechanisms from rational-choice, structural, and cultural comparative political theories which enable a stronger explanatory value of understanding actions and outcomes. The article provides a big-picture overview of SMT and its current research areas. Examples from the first Palestinian Intifada will be used to illustrate the key SMT factors of political opportunity, resource mobilization, and framing. Lastly, the article uses SMT's strong explanatory value to address potential policy implications.
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This report provides information and recommendations regarding how the Army might train, develop and assess cross-cultural competence of Soldiers. Findings are presented in four main sections. The first section discusses the impor...
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This report provides information and recommendations regarding how the Army might train, develop and assess cross-cultural competence of Soldiers. Findings are presented in four main sections. The first section discusses the importance of cross-cultural competence to mission accomplishment and describes two facets of cross-cultural competence: cultural learning and cultural agility. Next, methods for developing and sustaining these facets are provided. These methods include an overall learning system that blurs the lines between operational and institutional learning experiences, as well as more specific techniques and practices for cultural learning and cultural agility. The third section discusses the importance of assessing cross-cultural competence and addresses the questions of who and what should be assessed and how assessments might be conducted. The final section of the report summarizes recommendations regarding training, development, and assessment and highlights key resource needs, anticipated challenges, and next steps.
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Iraq may well be on a course to becoming the next Iran - an Islamic republic that tramples on individual liberties in the name of religion. Arguably, the propensity of the predominately Shia country is to develop a government more...
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Iraq may well be on a course to becoming the next Iran - an Islamic republic that tramples on individual liberties in the name of religion. Arguably, the propensity of the predominately Shia country is to develop a government more concerned with adherence to the Quran than to the preservation of civil liberties. Altering Iraq's current path is a long-term effort and one particularly important point of influence for the US is Iraq's education system; although not a singular solution, the curriculum of the education system will heavily influence the thought process of future generations of Iraqi leaders. Without continued US engagement, Iraq may turn out to be a problem instead of the middle-eastern ally we seek.
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The US Army Research Laboratory s (ARL s) Human Research and Engineering Directorate (HRED) launched a research program entitled Relevant Information for Social Cultural Depiction (RISC-D). The RISC-D program is concentrated on un...
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The US Army Research Laboratory s (ARL s) Human Research and Engineering Directorate (HRED) launched a research program entitled Relevant Information for Social Cultural Depiction (RISC-D). The RISC-D program is concentrated on understanding and modeling the sociocultural factors that affect Soldier and Commander decision making, specially addressing how a Soldier s own cultural background influences their own decision making. This report discusses the development of a taxonomy of sociocultural factors that influence decision making to include the development process, the elements of the taxonomy, the proposed model and general framework.
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Explains that the United States is engaged in stability operations on a worldwide basis. In addition to technical knowledge, cross-cultural interaction skills are required for successful mission accomplishment. Cross-cultural expe...
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Explains that the United States is engaged in stability operations on a worldwide basis. In addition to technical knowledge, cross-cultural interaction skills are required for successful mission accomplishment. Cross-cultural experience is not readily available in the United States, but American personnel must develop cross-cultural interaction skills in order to accomplish their assigned tasks. Clearly, a practical training program is required to assist in the development of skills and attitudes necessary for successful accomplishment. Discusses the training material packages created by System Development Corporation and describes the training aids included in these packages and particularly the self-contained PACKAGE (Planned Aids for Cross-Cultural Knowledge, Action and Growth in Effectiveness). An instructor acting as a leader can train his students by following the directions and using the materials provided. He need neither concern himself with selection and preparation of subject content nor with its design or the production of training aids. His full effort can be given to guiding students through the material provided. (Author)
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The U.S. Army continues to struggle with developing an enduring means of providing commanders and staffs with operationally relevant, sociocultural knowledge that enhances a unit's understanding of the operational environment. Mil...
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The U.S. Army continues to struggle with developing an enduring means of providing commanders and staffs with operationally relevant, sociocultural knowledge that enhances a unit's understanding of the operational environment. Military history provides numerous examples of how the U.S. military habitually neglects to realize the importance of sociocultural factors at the outset of a conflict, particularly those of an irregular nature. Then, after operating at a disadvantage, it develops a means to bridge the gap, only to quickly abandon it once the conflict is over. Sadly, the Army is on track to repeat this trend once again. This monograph examines U.S. Army efforts to build a culturally competent tactical force as well as address the capabilities provided by the Human Terrain System, its primary means of providing sociocultural research and analysis in support of decision-making to tactical and operational units. This monograph finds that the U.S. Army must preserve its sociocultural capabilities and reassess its approach to how it will meet emerging requirements in the post-Operation Enduring Freedom environment. Additionally, the Army must not simply pay lip service to the importance of cultural knowledge, it has to ensure the capability is properly resourced and articulated to policymakers given the likelihood of operating in a fiscally constrained, increasingly complex future operating environment.
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Influencing individuals can be daunting when influence must occur across a cultural divide. This is precisely the situation in which security force advisors, combat advisor teams, and transition teams often find themselves - attem...
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Influencing individuals can be daunting when influence must occur across a cultural divide. This is precisely the situation in which security force advisors, combat advisor teams, and transition teams often find themselves - attempting to influence individuals from another culture who are not in their chain of command. This research product is an instructor's manual that contains scenarios and materials to help advisors learn more about the types of situations in which influence is necessary. The scenarios were drawn from real events told by returning advisors. This manual includes (1) a scenario-based self-assessment tool that prospective advisors can use to better understand their influence strategies, (2) student handouts to enable them to score their use of different influence tactics and the effectiveness of influence tactics, (3) a scoring and interpretation guide for nine types of influence tactics, such as rational persuasion and pressure, (4) a discussion guide that provides instructors with discussion questions for each scenario, and (5) a student handout describing the different types of influence tactics that appeared in the assessment tool. While scenarios are specific to advising host nation counterparts, this manual may be useful for military instructors interested in teaching about cross-cultural influence more generally.
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From humanitarian relief operations to counter-insurgency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, culture has emerged as a central consideration for both general-purpose forces and specialists. Cultural training and education can prov...
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From humanitarian relief operations to counter-insurgency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, culture has emerged as a central consideration for both general-purpose forces and specialists. Cultural training and education can provide the capabilities needed to confront the cultural complexity characteristic of the current and future missions. A two-day workshop focused on the instructional design process as applied to the development of cultural training and education. Participants were approximately 130 representatives from government, industry, and academia who are actively involved in planning, developing, or delivering cultural training and education or in conducting research in those areas. Research gaps needing further investment were identified in six primary areas: cultural performance requirements analysis, learner motivation and development, development and validation of instructional sociocultural content, flexible instructional solutions, methods and metrics for training evaluation, and continuing opportunities for exchange and collaboration. These findings can inform future directions for research programs and force development efforts for sociocultural capabilities.
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